Explain different types of facility layouts and discuss the factors which have bearing on the choice of facility layout.
Answer:
Facility layout refers to the physical arrangement of equipment, machinery, furniture, and other fixtures within a facility. There are several types of facility layouts, including:
Process Layout: A process layout is used in facilities that produce a variety of products or services. In this type of layout, similar processes are grouped together in work cells, but each work cell is dedicated to producing a different product.
Product Layout: A product layout is used in facilities that produce a single product or a small number of similar products. In this type of layout, the production process is divided into a series of sequential operations, and the equipment and machinery are arranged in the order that they are used.
Cellular Layout: A cellular layout combines elements of both process and product layouts. It is used in facilities that produce a variety of products, but each product is produced in a dedicated work cell. This type of layout provides flexibility and the ability to produce a variety of products, while still maintaining the efficiency of a product layout.
Fixed Position Layout: A fixed position layout is used in facilities that produce a single, large, custom product. In this type of layout, the product is stationary, and the workers, equipment, and materials are brought to the product.
Combination Layout: A combination layout is a hybrid of two or more of the above layouts. It is used in facilities that produce a mix of products or services and requires a combination of efficiency and flexibility.
The choice of facility layout is influenced by a number of factors, including:
Nature of the product or service: The type of product or service being produced will impact the layout design. For example, a facility producing perishable goods may require a layout that allows for quick and efficient movement of goods from one area to another.
Volume of production: The volume of production will impact the layout design. High-volume production may require a product layout, while low-volume production may require a process layout.
Equipment and machinery: The type and size of equipment and machinery used in the facility will impact the layout design. For example, a facility with large, heavy machinery may require a product layout, while a facility with smaller, lighter machinery may require a process layout.
Workflow: The workflow of the facility will impact the layout design. The layout should be designed to optimize the flow of materials and information, minimize bottlenecks, and maximize efficiency.
Workforce: The size and skills of the workforce will impact the layout design. The layout should be designed to accommodate the needs of the workforce, including adequate space for movement, storage, and rest.
In conclusion, the choice of facility layout is a complex decision that must take into account a range of factors. The layout must balance the need for efficiency, flexibility, and safety, while also considering the nature of the product or service, the volume of production, the equipment and machinery used, the workflow, and the workforce.